Continuing demagication and factoring of field code.

Removing high-level ops from p448.h and putting them in field.h.  That way they
won't need rewriting for new fields and architectures.

Create constant_time.h which contains constant-time lookups, condswaps, etc.
That way the code is the same on all architectures, instead of varying depending
on whether the field size is a multiple of the vector register size.  I should
still add a constant_time_select to factor out field_cond_negate.

TODO: I need to test this for correctness and performance on various platforms.
It works on my Mac, but since Yosemite the timing is totally unpredictable
(background tasks?  variable boost?).